Tear glucose is associated with the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy

Table 2 Logistic regression analysis of diabetic retinopathy

Variables	DR ( +) (n = 53)	DR (-) (n = 107)	Univariable Logistic Regression			Multivariable Logistic Regression
Variables	DR ( +) (n = 53)	DR (-) (n = 107)	OR	95%CI	p	OR	95%CI	p
Sex			0.81	0.42–1.57	0.53
Male	31(58.5)	57(53.3)
Female	22(41.5)	50(46.7)
Age (years)	61.0(54.0–68.0)	65.0(58.0–71.5)	0.97	0.94–1.00	0.03*	0.94	0.91–0.98	< 0.01*
Duration of diabetes(years)	15.0(10.0–20.0)	8.0(3.0–14.0)	1.08	1.04–1.13	< 0.01*	1.11	1.06–1.17	< 0.01*
Tear glucose			3.90	1.85–8.22	< 0.01*	3.62	1.56–8.40	< 0.01*
Positive	41(77.4)	50(46.7)
Negative	12(22.6)	57(53.3)
HbA1c(%)	7.8(6.4–8.9)	6.8(6.3–7.8)	1.27	1.05–1.54	0.01*	1.25	1.01–1.54	0.03*
FPG(mmol/L)	7.2(6.4–9.2)	6.6(6.3–7.6)	1.35	1.14–1.59	< 0.01*

Data are presented as median (interquartile range) or n (%)
CI, Confidence interval; OR, Odds ratio
HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; DR: diabetic retinopathy
^*Statistically significant

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