Fig. 1

Significantly lower superficial whole (A) and foveal retinal vessel densities were observed in systemic lupus patients (Group 1) and systemic lupus patients without nephritis (Group 2) compared to healthy subjects (Group 3). Regarding the superficial capillary plexus (SCP), p1 = 0.019, p2 = 0.028, and p3 = 0.035. For superficial foveal vessel density, p1 = 0.028, p2 = 0.035, and p3 = 0.036. Additionally, significantly lower deep whole (C) and deep foveal retinal vessel densities were observed in patients with systemic lupus nephritis (Group 1) compared to healthy subjects (Group 3). However, no significant differences were found between systemic lupus patients without nephritis (Group 2) and healthy subjects (Group 3) in these parameters. Regarding the deep capillary plexus (DCP), p1 = 0.009, p2 = 0.192, and p3 = 0.026. For deep foveal vessel density, p1 = 0.007, p2 = 0.331, and p3 = 0.024